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Case Series
Online Published: 15 Feb 2024
 

doi: 10.5455/CRJMED.175226


Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension in Low- And Middle-Income Countries: A Case Series

Emeka H. Enemuo, Chinyelu U. Ufoaroh, Felix E. Menkiti, Ejike C. Okoli, Benedict S. Umeano, Kelechi C. Elendu.


Abstract
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), a complication of pulmonary embolism, is one of the major causes of right heart failure and death. It is characterised pathologically by organised thromboembolic material and altered vascular remodelling initiated and potentiated by a combination of defective angiogenesis, impaired fibrinolysis and endothelial dysfunction. One of the challenges in managing CTEPH is making early and accurate diagnoses and instituting prompt and appropriate treatment. We report four successfully managed cases of CTEPH occurring in two elderly males and two young females. All the patients were initially managed for cardiovascular disease and were referred to the respiratory unit after a period of four to eight months due to worsening dyspnoea. The diagnoses were made using a combination of CT angiogram, Doppler sonogram, and 2-D echo, and the patients were successfully managed medically. We aim to highlight the diagnostic and treatment challenges associated with CTEPH in Nigeria and the need for a high index of suspicion in dyspnoeic patients.

Key words: Fibrinolysis; Computed Tomography; Hypertension, Pulmonary Cardiovascular Diseases; Pulmonary Embolism


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Enemuo EH, Ufoaroh CU, Menkiti FE, Okoli EC, Umeano BS, Elendu KC. Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension in Low- And Middle-Income Countries: A Case Series. crjmed. 2024; 3(1): 13-21`.

doi:10.5455/CRJMED.175226

Web Style

Enemuo EH, Ufoaroh CU, Menkiti FE, Okoli EC, Umeano BS, Elendu KC. Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension in Low- And Middle-Income Countries: A Case Series. https://www.crjmed.com/?mno=175226 [Access: June 27, 2026].

doi:10.5455/CRJMED.175226

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Enemuo EH, Ufoaroh CU, Menkiti FE, Okoli EC, Umeano BS, Elendu KC. Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension in Low- And Middle-Income Countries: A Case Series. crjmed. 2024; 3(1): 13-21`.


doi:10.5455/CRJMED.175226

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Enemuo EH, Ufoaroh CU, Menkiti FE, Okoli EC, Umeano BS, Elendu KC. Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension in Low- And Middle-Income Countries: A Case Series. crjmed. (2024), [cited June 27, 2026]; 3(1): 13-21`.


doi:10.5455/CRJMED.175226

Harvard Style

Enemuo, E. H., Ufoaroh, . C. U., Menkiti, . F. E., Okoli, . E. C., Umeano, . B. S. & Elendu, . K. C. (2024) Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension in Low- And Middle-Income Countries: A Case Series. crjmed, 3 (1), 13-21`.


doi:10.5455/CRJMED.175226

Turabian Style

Enemuo, Emeka H., Chinyelu U. Ufoaroh, Felix E. Menkiti, Ejike C. Okoli, Benedict S. Umeano, and Kelechi C. Elendu. 2024. Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension in Low- And Middle-Income Countries: A Case Series. Cross River Journal of Medicine, 3 (1), 13-21`.


doi:10.5455/CRJMED.175226

Chicago Style

Enemuo, Emeka H., Chinyelu U. Ufoaroh, Felix E. Menkiti, Ejike C. Okoli, Benedict S. Umeano, and Kelechi C. Elendu. "Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension in Low- And Middle-Income Countries: A Case Series." Cross River Journal of Medicine 3 (2024), 13-21`.


doi:10.5455/CRJMED.175226

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Enemuo, Emeka H., Chinyelu U. Ufoaroh, Felix E. Menkiti, Ejike C. Okoli, Benedict S. Umeano, and Kelechi C. Elendu. "Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension in Low- And Middle-Income Countries: A Case Series." Cross River Journal of Medicine 3.1 (2024), 13-21`. Print.


doi:10.5455/CRJMED.175226

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Enemuo, E. H., Ufoaroh, . C. U., Menkiti, . F. E., Okoli, . E. C., Umeano, . B. S. & Elendu, . K. C. (2024) Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension in Low- And Middle-Income Countries: A Case Series. Cross River Journal of Medicine, 3 (1), 13-21`.


doi:10.5455/CRJMED.175226

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